Moliere and The Nature of Humor

1. Humor, while it has a psychological component, is primarily an intellectual appeal; in other words, humor finds its source in our ability to understand why something is funny or not funny. Keep in mind that "intellectual" here does not mean "high-brow" or "academic." By this definition, The Three Stooges can be "intellectual." The important thing to keep in mind is that humor is a perception.
2. Humor often depends on human, societal norms that are understood or present.  We perceive the humor in the incongruity between the normal or the expected and the strange, absurd, or foolish. Norms can include patterns of speech, of behavior, and of moral action. As such, the humorous discrepancy contains an inconsistent or unsuitable surprise.  Examples of this include:
   • literalization: humorous character understands something as literal that is only figurative
   • inflexible: humorous character is unable to adapt to circumstances and continues to make the same mistake or repeat the same behavior.
   • reversal
   • exaggeration
   • irony: can be verbal, situational, or dramatic.  Irony points out the incongruity between differing ideas or between what the audience knows and what the characters in the story know.
3. Aristotle has argued that humor must be painless or harmless to the participants to be found funny, that we laugh when the boy slips on the banana peel but not when he slips and hurts himself. Do you find this convincing?
4. Aristotle also argues that humor depends on the superiority of the audience; we must feel we are better than what we are laughing at.
5. Humor is dependent upon the perceiver having a way to "objectify the situation." In other words, we often laugh at things that we have experienced or been guilty of, but we laugh when we gain a bit of distance from the behavior. We disassociate ourselves for a moment and step back to see the behavior for what it is--incongruous, funny.
6. Humor comes in a number of varieties and forms. Some humor may be very gentle, the kind where we either sympathize with a comic situation or even identify with it. Other humor may be harsher, more sarcastic, even full of angry invective. Some humor is cool and detached in its wit, while other forms can be sardonic in an internal, pessimistic manner. Fowler's typology of humor (see below) sets out a number of differing (but overlapping) types of humor. According to Fowler, each type of humor has a purpose or goal, a province (or comic territory) it tends to cover, a typical method it uses, and a particular kind of audience it requires.
7. Because humor blends with emotional states, such as gentleness or cynicism, I would suggest that Fowler's chart is somewhat incomplete. He does a good job of picking up on the shades of negative or cruel humor (the cynical, the sardonic, the invective), but one could point out a few more nuances under gentle humor. For example, some humor is very hopeful, even redemptive, full of joy, while other forms of humor can be farcical or clownish. Some humor borders on a sense of wonder and delight. I've included a few extra terms in his chart.

[from A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1937)]

1. Because laughing at/with someone or something carries with it a number of purposes, methods, and audiences, humor does have an ethical component. We can be superior or humble, hopeful, gentle, angry, or cruel. We can grow in self-knowledge or become self-satisfied.
2. Some humor seeks to reenforce ethical models; it judges us, however indirectly. Other humor seeks to free us from ethical concerns. It is more concerned with an open, playful world, which may be full of wonder or farce, but is concerned with laughter and delight for itself. Of course, these in themselves are good things, responses that God has built into his creation.
3. Humor, at its best, can take us outside ourselves, teaching us not to take ourselves or the world so seriously. The objectivity or disassociation of humor can offer us humility, allowing us to laugh at ourselves. It can tell the truth about what the world is like and what we are like. It can be reflective of the joy of redemption and the wonder of a grace-filled world.
4. Yet humor can also tempt us to cruelty, judgmentalism, and cynicism. We have to ask if the humor in question is teaching us to love others, hate sin, and extend grace to an often confusing world. If it is doing the reverse of these, it still may be useful to us, but we will have to judge it with a more discerning eye.

1. Based on the criteria offered above, what makes Moliere's play funny? What are the societal norms that are being overturned?
2. Based on the typology presented above, which kind or kinds of humor are present in Tartuffe? What kind of humor do various characters' practice?
3. Do we as an audience feel superior to the characters?  Why or why not?
4. What kind of ethic is the humor in Moliere's Tartuffe offering?